Mean-field calculations
The BerkeleyGW software package uses many-body perturbation-theory formalisms; therefore, one needs to provide a reasonable mean-field starting point for the perturbation-theory calculations. For most application, density-functional theory (DFT) based on semilocal functionals provide a good starting point for GW and GW-BSE calculations.
The following mean-field codes are currently supported by BerkeleyGW:
We provide a library to easily write mean-field-related quantities in the format used by BerkeleyGW.
BerkeleyGW requires the following quantities from mean-field codes:
- Mean-field eigenvalues and eigenvectors, stored in
WFN
files, for arbitrary k-point grids. - The mean-field exchange-correlation matrix elements,
vxc.dat
, or exchange-correlation matrix in reciprocal space,VXC
. - Ground-state charge density \rho(G), stored in
RHO
-- only for calculations based on the generalized plasmon-pole (GPP) model.
For further information on how to use each mean-field code with the appropriate wrapper for BerkeleyGW, we refer to the BerkeleyGW tutorials.
Pitfalls
There are some notorious cases where typical DFT calculations might not provide a good starting point for one-shot perturbation-theory calculations. Examples include:
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Germanium crystal, which is often predicted to be metallic at DFT. This issue can be remedied by either using another mean-field starting point, or performing some sort of self-consistent iteration, for instance, based on the static COHSEX approximation.
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Molecules such as silane (SiH4), in which semilocal DFT often yields a LUMO orbital that bound, where in reality it is unbound. These systems can also be remedied by using a different starting mean-field point, or performing self-consistent GW calculations. For molecules, another common approach is known as best G, best W, where one picks one mean-field starting point to write the Green's function G in \Sigma=iGW, such as Hartree-Fock, and another one to compute the polarizability \chi^0 used to construct W, such as LDA.
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Some strongly correlated systems, especially those with partially filled f orbitals. Systems such as transition-metal oxides are often tackled with a Hubbard-type of correction scheme, such as DFT+U.